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I love all dogs, but I’m particularly fond of the ones I can snuggle in my arms. Here are five small breeds I wouldn’t mind seeing more of.

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• The 10 Cutest Puppy Photos We’ve Ever Seen
• Dog Breeds That Tend to Snore
• 5 Giant Dog Breeds This Veterinarian Can’t Get Enough Of
• How Well Do You Know Dog Breeds?
• 10 Dog Breeds With Unusual Coats or Markings

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Here’s a look at several notorious cat burglar breeds.

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• 9 Cat Breeds That Crave Affection
• 10 Signs Your Cat Really Loves You
• Help Your Cat Get Healthier This Year
• Video: 8 Clever Ways to Keep Cats Active
• Why Does My Cat Stick Her Butt in My Face?

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The woman dangled the plastic bag, pinched between the tips of her forefinger and thumb, at arm’s length over the clinic counter. “I agreed to a puppy, but I didn’t sign up for this,” she said dramatically. Through the clear plastic, I spotted roundworms wriggling in the stool sample.

Maybe it’s not the most appealing mental image, but it is a good reminder of why you should take parasite prevention seriously. Especially since worms aren’t just for puppies: Adult dogs and even human family members can get them, too. Here’s what you need to know about these common intestinal parasites and what you and your veterinarian can do to help prevent them.

Roundworms

Nothing’s more adorable than a puppy with a big, round Buddha belly, right? It’s not so cute once you know it could be a sign of a roundworm infection. Many puppies get roundworms from the mother before they’re born or become infected when nursing.

Puppies and dogs can also get roundworms from ingesting infective eggs in the environment or from eating infected mice, rabbits and earthworms. Once in the body, the eggs hatch releasing larvae that can migrate throughout the liver and lungs, and eventually return to the intestines, where they grow into adults. Adult worms produce eggs, which are passed in the stool into the environment.

Not every dog with roundworms will show signs. But large infections, especially in puppies, can result in vomiting and diarrhea (sometimes with visible worms), failure to gain weight and even death.

Roundworms are considered zoonotic, meaning they can be passed from dogs to humans. People can get roundworms by inadvertently ingesting infective eggs from contaminated soil, and children are especially at risk. In people, roundworm infection can cause damage to the eyes, liver, lungs and nervous system.

Hookworms

Hookworms use their sharp teeth to attach to the lining of the small intestine, where they live off your dog’s blood. Severe infections in puppies can lead to anemia (an inadequate number of red blood cells), typified by pale, whitish gums, and even death. Other dogs may cough, have diarrhea, bloody or black stools — or have no obvious signs at all.

Puppies can get hookworms when they nurse an infected mother. But how does your adult dog become infected? If a dog with hookworms visits the dog park (or any other public place — or even your own yard), eggs can be passed in his feces, contaminating the grounds. There, the eggs hatch into larvae, which can penetrate your dog’s skin or be ingested. Your dog can also get hookworms from eating infected prey or cockroaches.

Once in the body, the larvae can travel through the lungs and other tissues to the small intestine where they develop into adults. Hookworms can live in the intestine for up to two years, and an adult female worm can produce up to 6,000 eggs per day.

If that’s not disgusting enough, consider that hookworms are happy to invade people, too. All you have to do is walk barefoot, sunbathe or picnic on contaminated ground, or garden with your bare hands in contaminated soil, and hookworm larvae can penetrate your skin. In people, hookworms can cause a skin condition where the larvae leave red, itchy tracts, where they travel under the skin, or severe abdominal pain.

Whipworms

These tiny worms usually live in your dog’s cecum (a pouch at the beginning of the large intestine) and sometimes in the colon. They thread themselves into the intestinal lining, which can bleed and become inflamed. Dogs with whipworms rarely show signs, but severe infections can lead to diarrhea with mucus or blood, weight loss and death.

Dogs become infected with whipworms by ingesting infective eggs in their environment, such as contaminated soil. Unlike the other worms mentioned here, whipworms don’t migrate throughout the body, rather they remain in the digestive tract. A female whipworm can produce up to 2,000 eggs per day. Thankfully, this is one intestinal worm that rarely infects people.

So How Do You Prevent or Treat These Parasites?

If you suspect your dog may have parasites, schedule an exam and fecal test with your veterinarian — both for your dog’s and your family’s sake. Worms are usually diagnosed by finding eggs when a stool sample is examined under a microscope.

Since dogs can be infected with worms without showing outward signs, the Companion Animal Parasite Council recommends two to four fecal tests during a pup’s first year, then one to two fecal tests each of the following years.

Your veterinarian can give your dog medications to help clear the worms, but it’s always a good idea to recheck a fecal sample to make sure treatment was effective. As a precaution, puppies should be dewormed early to help prevent contaminating your yard and other areas.

Even so, it’s possible for dogs to have worms but show no evidence of eggs on the fecal exam. What’s more, some types of parasite eggs can live for years in the outdoors and are often found in playgrounds and parks frequented by dogs. So year-round parasite prevention is important. Many heartworm products, for example, also contain medications to help eliminate these worms.

You can also help prevent intestinal worms by picking up and disposing of feces promptly before they can contaminate the environment. Eggs in fresh feces usually aren’t infective yet, but you should always wash your hands after handling stools as a precaution.

Your veterinarian can recommend a parasite control program that will help protect all your family members, including the furry ones.

The Importance of Dog Health Insurance

Dog health insurance can help you pay for unexpected health expenses, surgeries, or medications of senior dogs. It’s important to purchase insurance before there’s a problem. While pet insurance may add to your monthly expenses, it can save you hundreds or thousands of dollars in the long run.

Don’t ever let financial decisions get in the way of your dog’s care. Review personalized options for your pet below:

More on Vetstreet:

• Why Should You Care About Parasites?
• The Disease Dogs Can Get From Standing Water
• Heartworm Treatment for Dogs: What You Need to Know
• What to Know About Intestinal Parasites in Dogs and Cats
• We Learned the Hard Way That Heartworm Prevention Is Necessary

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• Vetstreet’s Top Dog Training Videos
• How to Choose the Right Collar for Your Dog
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• 6 Weird Questions Giant Breed Dog Owners Get All the Time

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Disclaimer: I own two Pit Bulls (or they own me). And as a responsible Pit owner, I was eager to celebrate this holiday to help educate and foster positive communication about this loving yet often misunderstood breed.

It’s been a busy year for Pit Bulls and their fans. Thousands of people marched in Washington, D.C., to bring awareness to the detriments of breed-specific legislation. Pit Bulls have won prestigious awards, starred in movies and warmed countless hearts with viral videos featuring second-chance tales of love. In honor of this special day, I wanted to share some of my favorite stories from vetstreet.com from this past year.

Pit Bulls in the News

Thousands March in Washington, D.C., to End Discrimination and Abuse Against Pit Bulls
Living close to Washington, D.C., I had the opportunity to attend the One Million Pibble March. It was a beautiful day on the lawn of the U.S. Capitol as thousands gathered for a rally to fight against legislation aimed at bully breeds. Though breed-specific legislation still exists in the United States, efforts like these show a united voice for breeds that don’t have one of their own.

Pit Bull Alerts Deaf Boy to House Fire
I’m always amazed when I hear stories of heroism credited to a pet. The story of Ace, a 2-year-old Pit Bull, is no different. Ace saved 13-year-old Nick Lamb from a fire in his Indianapolis home. Lamb is deaf and had taken his cochlear implants off for an afternoon nap. A fire soon sparked, and Ace alerted Lamb to the impending danger.

Pit Bulls in Hollywood

Pit Bull Puppy Stars in New Movie
Three Pit Bull puppies shared the starring role of Rocco in the crime thriller The Drop. Written by Dennis Lehane, the movie revolves around a Brooklyn bartender and his cousin who run a bar that launders money for gangsters. The movie will have you rooting for the abused Pit Bull puppy found in a trash can, and all who seek to love him.

Pit Bull Mix Who Overcame Trauma Wins Hero Dog Award
For the second year in a row, a Pit Bull has been named the American Humane Association’s Hero Dog in the therapy dog category. This year, Susie, a Pit Bull mix who suffered terrible abuse as a puppy before being rescued and becoming a therapy dog, was named the Hero Dog Awards winner at a star-studded ceremony in Hollywood. Susie goes to schools, hospitals and churches to bring messages of kindness, respect and responsibility to children and adults. According to her owner, she is an inspiration to many and always offers a friendly smile and tail wag. 

Pit Bulls Go Viral

Viral videos of a dog’s rescue and subsequent transformation are sure to tug at any pet lover’s heart strings. Vetstreet.com featured two stories this year that have brought me to tears, and I’m sure they’ll do the same for you. Both videos prove that Pit Bulls have a tremendous ability to live and love, if given the chance.

• This Rescued Pit Bull’s Transformation Will Renew Your Faith in Second Chances
• Rescue Groups Team Up to Save Pit Bull

Dog Gets Another Chance After Craigslist Post Goes Viral
No one can doubt the power that social media has had when it comes to animals, from connecting pets with their owners after a natural disaster to helping raise funds for shelter pets on death row. Mama Jade, a terribly abused Pit Bull from Tennessee, got another chance at life after a Craigslist post about her plight went viral. Read her touching tale and check out her Facebook page to see where she is now, a little over a year later.

Pit Bulls and Their Families

As a mom of a rescued Pit Bull, I hold adoption stories near and dear to my heart. Rescuing a dog is not an easy task. In fact, it is not a task at all. It is a labor of love to rehabilitate and train a creature who has been abandoned — especially a bully breed with negative stereotypes to contradict. We featured two Pit Bull rescue stories on vetstreet.com this year. Both are poignant tales of abandoned Pit Bulls who became loving members of their new families.

The Story of Mason: How a Stray Pit Bull Changed the Lives of One Family
Jan Jeffries Jr. was working on the single most miserable project of his career when he met a homeless Pit Bull on the jobsite.

Rescue Story: Budreaux the Pit Bull Finds a Home
Cindy Holbrook shares why she rescued a stray Pit Bull — and how even her watchdog Heeler accepted the newcomer.

Have a great Pit Bull story for us? Tell us in the comments below.

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When Alisa Johnson, a member of the U.S. Marine Corps, was called to military training in Virginia at the same time that her husband, Shawn, a U.S. Navy officer, was deployed, she realized neither of them would be able to care for their dog, JD.

Luckily, family members stepped in to care for JD while the couple was away, but the fact that their dog’s fate could have been unsure worried Johnson. “We were so thankful that we had family to help us, but if we didn’t, what would we have done then?” she says.

When Johnson started looking to see if there were resources offered to military pet owners who needed someone to watch their pet while they were deployed, she was disappointed at the lack of help available. “I don’t think anyone really thought about this problem before,” she says. “We recognized it and decided to provide an answer.”

A New Organization

The answer became Dogs on Deployment, an organization started by Johnson and her husband to help military pet owners find foster homes for their dogs. What started as a small group of volunteers has grown into one of the largest networks of military foster homes, with 4,000 pet boarders across the country.

Since the organization was founded in 2011, Dogs on Deployment has successfully boarded 215 pets. The majority of animals they’ve placed have been dogs, but they have found homes for a variety of pets, even ferrets and chinchillas, in the past.

The group is based online, putting a number of resources right at owners’ fingertips. In addition to providing a foster network and supporting the pets who go through it, Dogs on Deployment promotes responsible pet ownership by offering educational lectures. Johnson is also particularly proud of the group’s Pet Chit Financial Assistance Program.

“We use donations to provide emergency financial assistance to military pet owners who, for example, might find themselves on deployment when their pet breaks a leg. We can help pay for that,” Johnson explains.

The program has also helped returning veterans who find themselves struggling or homeless and unable to afford dog food or other necessities for their pet.

Pets as Family Members

Other than Dogs on Deployment, there are few resources for military pet owners who need someone to take care of their pet while they are deployed. Only a few other nonprofit organizations, such as Guardian Angels for Soldier’s Pet, offer assistance. The Department of Defense’s inconsistent pet policies even prompted Dogs on Deployment to start a petition with Hawaii Military Pets on Change.org hoping to standardize practices.

“Alisa saved my life pretty much,” says Christopher Monahan, a member of the Navy who recently returned from a six-month deployment and used Johnson’s organization.

Monahan’s mother was going to watch his dog, Lily, while he was deployed, but after Hurricane Sandy hit, she no longer had the resources to take care of his dog. He worried about what would happen to Lily after realizing there was no support available. When his mother told him that she had heard something about fostering online, he did a search and found Johnson’s organization. He registered and right away was contacted by several boarders offering to watch Lily, from which he chose one. Monahan says it was the best thing that ever happened to him.

“We [the boarder and I] connected on Facebook, and while I was away we emailed back and forth. I would call every once in a while and the whole time was able to get good updates on my dog,” Monahan says.

He has spread the word about Dogs on Deployment among sailors he knows in similar situations. Monahan doesn’t have a wife or kids, but he says Lily is like his child and should receive help in the same way.

Johnson believes there are a variety of reasons for the gap in the military system when it comes to resources for pet owners. She says these reasons range from military members not admitting the problem to shelters not recognizing how large an issue it is to some in the military believing pets should not be considered members of the family, despite how strongly owners would disagree.

For these reasons and others, Johnson continues to work with her husband to expand the Dogs on Deployment network and raise awareness of the problems faced by military pet owners. Sometimes military officers need an extra hand to rely on just like everyone else, Johnson says. A complete stranger who loves dogs and is willing to help can be a lifesaver for them.

Learn more about the services Dogs on Deployment offers and how you can help by visiting its website.

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You’ve probably heard of or experienced “runner’s high.” It’s a powerfully positive mood that typically follows a long, hard run. You feel on top of the world, ready to face any challenges. In fact, you often feel so good that you can’t wait until your next run.

That runner’s high is an awesome emotion — and one of the reasons why I love endurance sports. Well, it turns out that your dog experiences the same feelings.

Run, Rover, Run!

A recent study published in the Journal of Experimental Biology found that humans and dogs share the release of powerful, mood-altering chemicals after running. Researchers at the University of Arizona compared species that evolved as long-distance hunters and gatherers — namely humans and dogs — with more sedentary ferrets (they spend 14 to 18 hours a day snoozing!) to see if there was a difference in the brain compounds associated with the runner’s high.

They ran and walked each test subject, measuring before-and-after blood levels of endocannabinoids, the neurochemicals believed to be a major reason behind that runner’s high. If that word looks familiar to you, it’s because endocannabinoids are the body’s natural version of the active component in cannabis or marijuana. Now you understand the “high” part.

The researchers evaluated 10 humans, eight dogs and eight ferrets. They compared endocannabinoid (eCB) anandamide levels before and after walking or running on a treadmill for 30 minutes.

In the graph at left, the white bars represent pre-exercise anandamide, while the black bars indicate post-fast run levels. You can see that both humans and dogs experience a spike in the pleasurable brain chemicals following a high-intensity run. Ferrets not so much.

Interestingly, the same surge in pleasurable potions wasn’t observed after the 30-minute treadmill walks in any species. It really is a runner’s high, not a “walker’s buzz.”

How Evolution Played a Positive Part

The runner’s high is an important evolutionary tool because it encourages certain species to push harder, run longer or search farther. Even if you’re tired or hungry, you need to keep going, and then you have to do it all over again. If there was no reward system for these grueling efforts, chances are that humans would have been replaced at the top of the food chain by bears — or my cats. 

Many endurance athletes have a hard time recollecting specific pain or suffering during long events, which is probably similar to the amnestic effect that the hormone oxytocin has on childbirth. It’s been said that if women could remember the pain of childbirth, they’d never have another child. I’m guessing that’s why I continue to do Ironman events, and why my forefathers got up each morning and set out to find food and avoid death.

Since man and dog co-evolved, it was beneficial that we both “enjoyed” roaming farther and hunting harder. We are a perfect pair when it comes to collaborating in the wild. To me, this study simply validates why dogs became man’s best friend and humans became cat’s best servant.

Bottom Line: Exercise Is Good for Your Dog’s Brain and Body

I’d like to point out one other insight from this study. As we’ve taken ourselves and our dogs out of the natural environment and become a nation of couch (and lap) potatoes, we’ve also altered our brain chemistry.

This study is a small part of a larger body of work over the past 20 years that clearly concludes daily aerobic activity is essential to good health. More important, this research supports the results I’ve had helping behaviorally challenged pets: If your dog is experiencing common behavioral problems, increasing his daily activity is often what this doctor prescribes.

Exercise improves behavior by modulating all three of the brain’s major neurotransmitters — serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine. No drug can do that. We’re now learning how exercise impacts a host of other brain chemicals that keep us, as well as our dogs, emotionally stable and mentally sharp. Before I reach for a prescription pad for a problem pet, I always analyze whether or not exercise might be a part of the solution.

As warm weather approaches, do yourself a favor and take your dog for a brisk walk. If you can, go for a run. Your brain will appreciate it.

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At the Padre Island National Seashore in Texas, there’s a Cairn Terrier with a unique job: Ridley Ranger is part of an effort to save the Kemp’s Ridley, the world’s most endangered sea turtle.

Since 1978, sea turtle eggs laid on the beaches in the park have been collected for incubation to improve their survival, and right about now, the park service is releasing the last batch of hatchlings for this season. Ridley’s help is important because the nests of this species are particularly hard to find.

Elusive Eggs

Unlike species that nest at night and may wander around under cover of darkness for a few hours looking for just the right spot, the Kemp’s Ridley lays eggs in the daytime. To elude predators, the turtles get in and out of the water as fast as they can, sometimes within 30 minutes. They also generally nest in large numbers at the same time (in what is called "arribada" nesting), so there’s a lot going on at once in a very large area.

"We’ve got 80 miles of beachfront that we’re patrolling every day," says Dr. Donna Shaver, chief of the park’s Division of Sea Turtle Science and Recovery. "They can slip in and out between patrols."

Because they can’t catch all the turtles in the act, park employees try to follow tracks in the sand to the nests, but that’s not as simple as it sounds.

"It’s the smallest and lightest sea turtle, so they don’t leave a very deep track in the sand," Shaver says. "Another reason it’s challenging is that they tend to nest on windy days, so the tracks blow away quickly." So even with all their experience and training — and day after day for months spent probing the sand with sticks trying to locate nests — park staff could never find all the turtle eggs.

"We’d see the tracks, but they’d end in the soft sand," Shaver says. "After all the work we’d done, we were just heartsick to walk away from these sites knowing there might be eggs there and we [couldn’t] protect them."

"Find the Nest!"

Eventually Shaver had an idea for how to find those last few nests, and in 2005, she got Ridley Ranger, a Cairn Terrier puppy.

"We started training him with ‘find the treat’ from the time he was a pup," she says. "He likes to eat, so he was very motivated."

Then Shaver exposed him to the work she was doing.

"He came out to the beach and saw when we found a nest and got to sniff around what the nest chamber smelled like," she says. "He watched as I placed the eggs in the incubation box, and he just sat there fascinated, enthralled by the process."

Shaver taught Ridley the word "nest" as she was retrieving the eggs from the beach. "So then instead of ‘find the treat,’ it was ‘find the nest,’" she says. She also brought the dog back to the turtle lab, where she could work on reinforcing his response to the smell of eggs: "We’d say ‘find the nest,’ and he’d go find the box [with the eggs in it]."

Ridley’s first real find came when he was only a year old, in 2006, although Shaver didn’t get to see it. She was 30 miles away on another beach, and Ridley was lounging at home. "My fiancé was called by my staff, who were frantic — there was a site they were looking at for about five hours unsuccessfully," she recalls. "He went out with Ridley and found it very quickly. They called me over the radio, and I was just ecstatic. It proved that he could do it. And he was really proud of himself."

Safe Hatching 

Why collect the eggs? For more than 30 years, the national park has served as a protected nesting site for the Kemp’s Ridley, which nests in larger numbers in Mexico, to safeguard the species from extinction in case anything happens to the sites there.

"The Padre Island National Seashore has very similar characteristics to the beaches in Mexico," says National Park Service biologist Cynthia Rubio. "Our beaches are very narrow and have lots of vegetation and tall dunes."

It’s believed that these features are attractive to the sea turtles because the shorter distance to the base of the dunes means less time out of the water in broad daylight. But the turtles don’t return to their nests to guard them, and the eggs don’t have much chance when left alone.

"Because of our narrow beaches and high tides, if the eggs are left on the beach, they can be inundated by tides," Rubio says. Also, the driving that is allowed on Texas beaches can harm the eggs, but the park needs to allow continued access for recreation. Collecting the eggs also keeps them safe from predators and ensures a much higher survival rate. Eggs left in nests on the beach have a zero to 30 percent chance of making it through the season unscathed.

Along with nests from other parts of Texas, the park service cared for 118 nests this year — thousands of eggs at a time. Being born in human care doesn’t interfere with the turtles’ wild nature because they don’t stick around after hatching. It’s important to let them go right away.

"As soon as they hatch, they go into this burst of energy they have for several days that they need [so they can] make that long trip down the beach into the water and then swim offshore for several days until they find large mats of seaweed," Rubio says. "So we release them immediately."

Ridley’s Relationships

Ridley is Shaver’s family pet, but Rubio and the dog have a very special relationship.

Before coming to Padre Island, Rubio worked at the nesting sites in Mexico. "When Dr. Shaver hired me for this job, one of the main reasons was for my skills in finding hard-to-find nests," she says. "When she talked about bringing on Ridley Ranger to help find nests, I was so shocked. And she said, ‘Don’t worry — he won’t take your job away!’"

Now, Rubio says, she’s proud of Ridley, and it’s clear he loves his job. And it’s no wonder: It’s a lot easier than hers. Ridley is brought out only once in a while, when everyone else has exhausted their ideas.

"After we’ve tried everything for hours and we can’t find the nest, then we’ll bring him out and use his skills," Rubio says. "He immediately knows he’s in work mode. He gets into that pose, dragging his nose in the sand, then stops and paws and sits and waits for his treat — and sure enough, the nest is right there."

The staff then does the hard work of digging in the Texas heat, and Shaver says, "Sometimes he watches, and sometimes he’ll go back to the air-conditioned vehicle and watch out of the window."

The rest of the time, he’s waiting in the comfort of home to be called to duty. "He doesn’t have long hours," Shaver says. "He’s chauffeured up there; he works for a few minutes. He’s a family pet the rest of the time. He has the run of the house and gets up on the furniture."

Shaver thinks that’s part of why the relatively informal training process worked. "I think there is an element of [wanting] to please me; he knows how happy it makes me and how important it is to me," she says.

But it’s not just Ridley’s work that pleases Shaver: It’s also watching him bark out the window at birds and wag his tail when his companion Kayleigh gets attention. "He’s spoiled, but he’s not bratty about it," she says. "He brings a lot of joy."

Visit Ridley’s Facebook page.

For more information about the Kemp’s Ridley sea turtle, check out the National Park Service’s Sea Turtle Science and Recovery program and Sea Turtle Inc.

More on Vetstreet.com:

• Save the Manatees Before It’s Too Late
• 20 Animals Surprisingly Going Extinct
• Video: Sea Turtles Give Each Other High Five

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You've probably caught your dog whining or running in his sleep at one time or another. Don't feel like you have to poke him or wake him up — chances are good that he's dreaming.

Dogs definitely remember things, so it makes sense to believe they have the ability to dream, just as people do. After all, dreaming is a normal part of organizing and reorganizing memories.

Like humans, dogs have two kinds of sleep. The deeper kind is characterized by rapid eye movements, so it's known as REM sleep. We know humans dream during REM sleep. We also know the whining, heavy breathing, twitching and leg movements we've all seen in our dogs occurs during canine REM sleep. So it's not far-fetched to believe dogs are dreaming, too.

We may never know for sure exactly what they're dreaming of, but any guess that involves food is a good one.

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